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--- Hooligans (http://www.onkelzforum.de/threadid.php?threadid=12673)

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Geschrieben von Knobbers am 24.11.2005 um 16:58:

 

ja, mir ist auch aufgefallen, dass ich wikepedia, anstatt wikipedia geschrieben habe...

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Geschrieben von Herthagott am 24.11.2005 um 17:39:

 

Dann lern welche kennen!!!

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Geschrieben von boFan15 am 24.11.2005 um 19:42:

 

Einfach in den Fan Sektor einer Mannschaft stellen, und die andren LAUT anfeuern!!!!

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Geschrieben von boFan15 am 24.11.2005 um 19:45:

 

Zitat:

WHAT IS FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM? Football hooliganism is very difficult to define, mainly because the media have been extremely flexible and indeterminate in ascribing the "hooligan" label to different incidents. Football hooliganism is seen by most to mean disorder involving football fans. Usually this involves criminal activity and in most - but certainly not all - cases occurs either at or just before or after a football match. Much football-crowd disorder is spontaneous, but a lot is prearranged by gangs (or 'firms') who attach themselves to football clubs and arrange to meet, and fight, firms from other clubs. WHEN DID FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM FIRST OCCUR? Traditionally, football hooliganism has been seen as first occurring in the late 1960's, and peaking in the late 1970's and mid 1980's before calming down following the Heysel and Hillsborough disasters. However, incidents of crowd disorder at football matches have been recorded as early as the 19th Century. During a match in 1846 in Derby the riot act was read and two troops of dragoons called in to deal with a disorderly crowd, whilst pitch invasions became increasingly common from the 1880's onwards. The paucity of accurate figures, official or otherwise, makes it difficult to gauge the frequency and severity of such episodes. The picture is clouded further by the prevalent leniency given at the time toward crowd disturbances that didn't actually interfere with the game. It is often claimed that hooliganism at football matches became much more prevalent in the 1970's and 1980's, with more reported wide-scale violence at matches. However, again it is difficult to know whether the amount of disorder increased or whether the growing media interest in, and coverage of, crowd disorder has meant it is reported far more regularly. THE MEDIA'S COVERAGE OF FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM The issue of the media's coverage of football hooliganism is very important as it is the media that help construct the public’s understanding and view of the phenomenon. Within Britain the tabloid press in particular have found hooliganism to be an easy target for the kind of sensationalist reporting that boosts their circulation. This sensationalist style of reporting often relies on powerful headlines grounded in violent imagery and war metaphors whilst articles are regularly 'edited for impact'. This style of reporting has developed over the past50 years sparked by the moral panic of the 1950's at the rise of juvenile crime and delinquency. To many, the tabloids’ style of reporting, such as the publishing of league tables of hooligan notoriety (Daily Mirror 1974) serve to encourage hooligans and place them in the limelight. The tabloids have also been accused of helping to incite hooliganism by promoting xenophobia. For instance prior to England's semi-final clash with Germany in Euro 96 the Daily Mirror ran a headline of 'Achtung Surrender' whilst the Sun went with 'Let's Blitz Fritz'. Central to this is what Stuart Hall identified as the 'amplification spiral' that he used to illustrate how this kind of exaggerated coverage of a problem could have the effect of worsening it. It is based around the logic that if a society is concerned about a phenomenon such as football hooliganism, sensationalist reporting, as the only source of information for many, can help to create a widespread and unnecessary panic. This is in turn often precipitates a call for tougher control measures which when implemented create further confrontation and draw yet more people in to become involved. The tabloid press has therefor helped to amplify the problem and create a widespread panic over football hooliganism that is completely disproportionate to the actual extent of the problem. This style of sensationalist reporting has also meant that the press has been able, to an extent, to influence policy decisions dealing with football hooliganism which has resulted in a variety of short sighted measures which have done little, if anything, to improve the situation. It is fair to point out though that in some countries the press have had a positive effect, as in Scotland and Denmark where heavy and favourable coverage of the 'Tartan Army' and the 'Rooligans' has deliberately set them apart from the hooligan perspective. IS FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM A BIG PROBLEM NOW? Football hooliganism has changed significantly since the Taylor Report of 1990. All-seater stadiums and Closed Circuit Television in particular have meant that incidents of violence inside football grounds (particularly in the Premiership) are rare. In addition, arrests for football-related crimes have reduced dramatically since the late 1980's whilst attendances have risen. However, this does not mean that football hooliganism has reduced. It is quite possible that hooliganism has simply been 'pushed' from the stadium itself to other meeting places, where it is better organised and more violent. This means that violence will rarely be reported and that the Police will be less able to control it and make arrests. In recent seasons, the National Criminal Intelligence Service have reported that arrests for more serious football-related violent offences have nearly doubled. The most wide-scale football violence involving English hooligans now tends to take place abroad, for example the widespread rioting involving English fans in Marseille in the 1998 World Cup and again at Charleroi during Euro 2000. The violence is not restricted purely to international matches either. In August 2000 two Leeds United fans were fatally stabbed in Galatasary 24 hours before a UEFA Champions League match between the two sides. Domestic football-related violence also remains a problem. In January 2001 rival firms from Leeds United and Manchester United fought, en route to playing Manchester City and Bradford respectively, at neutral ground just outside of Rochdale. In the same month a group of Coventry City fans invaded the home area of the Kippax Stand at Manchester City's Maine Road ground after seeing their team concede an injury time winner. WHAT "MAKES" A PERSON A HOOLIGAN? It is difficult to speculate on what makes a person become involved in football-related violence because there are so many possible causational factors. It is impossible to claim that all "football hooligans" are of a certain age or class or possess a particular "psychological make-up". In terms of organised violence between 'hooligan gangs', a feeling of community, tribalism and sheer enjoyment of being involved in football disorder is obviously in evidence. However, the causes for spontaneous disorder at major international tournaments (e.g. France 98, Euro2000) are more complex; alcohol, xenophobia and a minority of 'hooligans' have traditionally been blamed for disturbances, but the role of the police is probably most important of all. Whilst aggressive and confrontational policing tactics in Charleroi in 2000 escalated minor incidents into widescale disorder, more progressive models of policing saw only one arrest at England matches in Euro2004 in Portugal, despite an estimated 250,000 English 'football tourists' being present. Football hooliganism was one of the first issues to attract academics to the study of football, with sociologists, historians and psychologists developing hypotheses explaining why football hooliganism continues to occur. Some of the differing theories on the causation of football hooliganism are listed here: * Cohen, S, ‘Folk Devils and Moral Panics’, in Images of Deviance, 1970, Harmondsworth: Penguin * Ingham, R et al, ‘Football Hooliganism: The Wider Context’, 1978 London: Inter-Action Inprint * Kerr, J, ‘Understanding Soccer Hooliganism’, 1994, Buckingham: Open University Press * Marsh, P, (197 'Aggro: The Illusion of Violence', London: Dent * Morris, D, ‘The Soccer Tribe’, 1981, London: Jonathon Cape * Murphy et al, (1990) 'Football on Trial', Routledge * Pratt, J and Salter, M, ‘A Fresh Look at Football Hooliganism’, 1984, Leisure Studies, Vol 3/2: 201 * Stott, C.J., Hutchison, P. & Drury, J. (2001) 'Hooligans' abroad? Inter-group dynamics, social identity and participation in collective 'disorder' at the 1998 World Cup Finals. British Journal of Social Psychology. 40, 359-384 IS FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM 'THE ENGLISH DISEASE'? Football Hooliganism has been called the 'English Disease' on many occasions. However, it is not limited to England, and many other countries have serious hooligan problems. In December 2000 a match between Strasbourg and Metz in the French First Division was abandoned after an assistant referee was hit by a firecracker. The same day also saw disturbances reported at games between Marseille and Monaco, Lille and Bastia and Paris St Germain and Troyes. In Italy, hooligan groups known as "ultra's" have clashed with rival firms and the police, whilst a Molotov Cocktail was thrown at the Internazionale team coach, by their own fans, after a 6-1 Italian Cup defeat at the hands of Parma. In Greece, AEK Athens were banned from playing in their own stadium for four matches after their fans threw missiles and invaded the pitch during a Greek Cup tie with Olympiakos. It is probably fair to say that Belgium, Holland and Eastern Europe all have greater problems in terms of 'hooliganism' than the UK, where disorder in and around stadia is very rare. Perhaps the most serious football-crowd disorder takes place in Eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa and South America where serious crowd rioting is much more common place than in the U.K. In Johannesburg, the African Women's 2000 Championship Final had to be abandoned after South Africa's fans began rioting when the referee ignored an offside flag and allowed a Nigerian goal to stand. In Brazil the decisive match of the 2000 Championship had to be replayed after 60 people were injured in fight that began between two spectators - of the same team - arguing over the wisdom of a substitution. CAN FOOTBALL HOOLIGANISM BE DEFEATED? It is unlikely that football will ever be totally free of crowd disorder. Whenever large groups of people get together, often under the influence of alcohol, there is the potential for disorder, regardless of whether there is a football match taking place or not. All manner of legal means and policing tactics have been tried to control hooliganism, including deterrent sentencing, legislation (such as the Football (Offences) Act 1991) and the creation of the Football Intelligence Unit. During the perceived height of football hooliganism in the 1970s and 80s, successive governments implemented a series of aggressive policies that contained little evidence of an understanding of hooliganism. Many served only to worsen the problem, create an increasingly confrontational attitude between fans and police, and merely drive the violence away from the immediate environment of the football ground. This culminated in the proposed I.D. Card Scheme that was described as 'using a sledgehammer to crack a nut' by Lord Justice Taylor, and abandoned after Hillsborough. Attempts to prevent hooliganism have seen draconian legislation such as the Football (Disorder) Act 2000 introduced to prevent suspected hooligans travelling abroad. Such moves obviously have serious civil libertarian consequences for innocent fans. However, disorder in and around English stadia has reduced spectacularly since the 1970s and 80s, and English football grounds are now certainly safer than the average town centre on a Saturday night. Furthermore, disorder abroad can be reduced by appropriate methods of policing: It IS possible to police a crowd of drunken football supporters in a way that prevents serious disorder, as was demonstrated at the 2004 European Championships in Portugal.

http://www.liv.ac.uk/footballindustry/hooligan.html

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Geschrieben von Knobbers am 24.11.2005 um 20:15:

 

THX...

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Geschrieben von Bomberpilot 83 am 26.11.2005 um 02:09:

 

Würd dir auch England oder aktuell die Türkei empfehlen, gibt es ja genug Leute, bin mal gespannt ob die Deutschen nächstes Jahr das Problem in den Griff bekommen.

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